E
E. coli:
A mesophilic microorganism which is sometimes contained in fecal material. Meat containing e. coli can cause serious health problems if it is not thoroughly cooked
Ear Canal:
The narrow tube, between the ear and eardrum, through which sound enters the ear
Ear Drum:
The thin membrane that separates the middle ear from the external ear. Also called the tympanic membrane
Ear Mites:
Mites that live in the ears of animals. They can just barely be seen as a small white dot with the naked eye
Ear Notching:
Makings slits or perforations in an animal’s ears for identification purposes
Ear Tag:
Method of identification by attaching a tag to the ear
Eared Cattle:
Cattle with significant Brahman influence in their genetics
Earlage:
Ensiled corn grain, cobs and, in some cases, husks and a portion of the stalk (depends on the harvest method). Earlage typically is harvested with a forage harvester much like corn silage would be harvested. Earlage is higher in energy than corn silage and has similar protein content, but it has lower energy than dry or high-moisture corn grain
Early Embryonic Death:
The death of an embryo before it develops into a foetus
Early Lactation:
When reporting body condition scores this time period is generally 30 - 59 days after calving
Early Maturity:
Early puberty as the animal begins to fatten early, sometimes before desired slaughter weight is obtained
Early Weaner:
A specific formulated feed for calves
Eartag Number:
A uniform series ear tag number consisting of a unique combination of 2 numbers, 3 letters and 4 numbers (example, 64WAD1796) used in identifying grade animals
Earmark:
The method of marking cattle by cropping their ears in distinctive patterns. Usually used along with a brand. The earmark patterns are also registered with the brand. Earmarks can often be seen quicker than a brand (because the cow usually looks at you) and are a good aid in recognition and when sorting cattle
Earthen Storage Basin:
An earthen pond or basin for storing animal waste. Differs from an anaerobic treatment lagoon in that wastes are not stored for an extended period and microbial breakdown or treatment does not occur
Eastern Young Cattle Indicator (EYCI):
Used as a general cattle market benchmark
Easy Keeper:
An animal that easily maintains its weight
EBV:
(see Estimated Breeding Value)
ECG:
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart
Echocardiogram:
(see ECG)
ECM:
Energy Corrected Milk
Ecoli 0157:H7:
A class of bacteria commonly found in the environment. E.coli 0157:H7 is a virulent strain of this bacteria found in the intestinal tract and feces in animals and humans. While E.coli 0157:H7 can cause food poisoning, thorough cooking destroys the bacteria. The beef industry continues to develop new technologies and procedures aimed at reducing the risk of E.coli 0157:H7
Economic Efficiency:
Ratio of output value to cost of input
Economic Trait Locus (ETL):
Area of a chromosome at which exists a gene that has a direct effect on a trait of economic interest. Similar to quantitative trait locus (QTL), except that ETL can refer either to qualitative or quantitative traits
Economic Value:
The net return within a herd for making a one unit change (pound or percentage, for example) for an economically important trait under selection
Economically Relevant Trait (ERT):
Traits that are of direct economic importance to cattle producers
Ectoparasite:
A parasite, such as a flea, that lives on the exterior of an animal
Ectopic:
Meaning "out of place." (e.g. an ectopic pregnancy is one that has implanted outside the reproductive system)
Edema:
Abnormal fluid accumulation in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body
EDI:
International Electronic data interchange protocol
EEG:
Electroencephalogram
Effective Population Size (Ne):
The size of a population as reflected in its rate of inbreeding. This can be quite different from the actual population size, particularly when the number of male parents or female parents is low in each generation (as in the case of some agricultural animals where artificial insemination is common and the number of male parents is very small)
Effective Progeny Number (EPN):
An indication of the amount of information available for estimation of expected progeny difference (EPDs) in cattle evaluation. It is a function of number of progeny of a parent but is adjusted for their distribution among herds and contemporary groups and for the number of contemporaries by other sires. EPN is less than the actual number of progeny because the distribution of progeny is never ideal
Efficiency:
The ratio of output to input. See also biological efficiency; economic efficiency
Effluent:
The liquid outflow or discharge of a waste treatment process
EFSA:
European Food Safety Authority
Egg:
Female Gamete
EID:
Electronic identification of farm animals usually by micro-chipped ear tags
Ejaculation:
Discharge of semen from the male
Elasticity of Demand:
The responsiveness of the quality of a product or service that people demand, to a change in price or a change in income. Price elasticity is measured as percentage change in quantity demanded, divided by percentage change in price. Income elasticity is measured as percentage change in quantity demanded, divided by percentage change in income
Elastin:
Rubberlike connective tissue protein noted for its elasticity and extreme insolubility
Elastrator
A pliers-like tool used to apply heavy, O-shaped rubber bands called elastrator bands to a male animals scrotum for castration
Elbow Joint:
The juncture of the distal end of the humerus and the proximal ends of the radius and the ulna
Electrical Stimulation:
A slaughter technique which prevents cold-shortening. It involves transmitting pulses of electric current through carcasses in the early post-slaughter period. These pulses cause a very rapid fall in pH which accelerates rigor mortis so that cooling can commence without the danger of cold-shortening
Electroencephalogram:
A technique for studying the electrical currents within the brain. Electrodes are attached to the scalp. Wires attach these electrodes to a machine, which records the electrical impulses. The results are either printed out or displayed on a computer screen
Electrolyte:
In medicine, certain mineral elements that are critically important to life, including sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and phosphorous
Electronic Feeders:
Stations in which cows are fed specified amounts of feed by a computer that recognises their unique electronic identification transponders
Electronic Identification:
A method of identifying cattle through the use of an electronic chip or bar code system
Electrophoresis:
A process used to separate DNA fragments by length. DNA fragments are placed at the top of a gel matrix that is then exposed to an electrical current. This causes fragments to migrate through the pores in the gel at rates proportional to fragment size. Resulting fragment location on the gel can be visualised by appropriate labelling techniques
Eligible Cows:
Cows that are past the Voluntary Waiting Period and able to be bred and are contributing to estrous cycle days in the test period
ELISA:
(see Antigen-capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)
Elizabethan Collar:
A medical device that is shaped just like a cone and is used to prevent the animal from biting, licking, and scratching at wounds and injuries while they heal
EMA:
Eye Muscle Area
Emaciation:
Thinness; loss of flesh where bony structures (hips, ribs, and vertebrae) become prominent
Embryo:
A fertilised ovum, or egg, in the earlier stages of prenatal development, usually prior to development of body parts
Embryo Splitting:
Dividing an embryo into two or more similar parts to produce several calves from a single embryo
Embryo Transfer (ET):
Removing fertilised ova (embryos) from one cow (the donor), generally in response to hormone – induced superovulation, and placing these embryos into other cows (the recipients). More calves can be obtained from cows of superior breeding value by this technique
Embryotomy:
The cutting of the fetus while in the uterus to aid its removal when delivery is impossible by natural means
Emerging Disease Incident Investigation:
(see Foreign Animal Disease Investigation)
Emesis:
The act of vomiting, the expulsion of the contents of the stomach
Emphysema:
Increase size of the tiny air spaces (alveoli) of the lung to destruction of their walls, a condition which interferes with oxygen uptake by the blood
Emphysematous:
The presence of air in the connective tissues
Empirical:
Relying on or derived from observation rather than theory or logic
Empty Bodyweight:
Live weight of animal minus the weight of the digestive system contents, may also refer to animals that have been fasted for a few hours
Empty Cows:
Non-pregnant cows
Empty Weights:
Animal weight when it consumes no feed or water for minimum 12 hours prior to weighing
EMT:
Embryo Multiplication and Transfer. A process whereby an embryo is multiplied many times, making many genetically identical embryos. Following transfer to recipients, a number of genetically identical individuals can result. This process is also called nuclear transfer or cloning
Emulsifiers:
1. Compounds which aid in the incorporation of fats into aqueous mixtures
2. Compounds which improve the quality and texture of food products
Emulsion:
Liquid droplets dispersed in another immiscible liquid. The dispersed phase droplet size ranges from 0.1 - 10 µ m. Important oil-in-water food emulsions, ones in which oil or fat is the dispersed phase and water is the continuous phase, include milk, cream, ice cream, and cream liquors. Examples of food water-in-oil emulsions are butter or margarine. Emulsions are inherently unstable because free energy is associated with the interface between the two phases. As the interfacial area increases, either through a decrease in particle size or the addition of more dispersed phase material, i.e. higher fat, more energy is needed to keep the emulsion from coalescing. Some molecules act as surface active agents (called surfactants or emulsifiers) and can reduce this energy needed to keep these phases apart
Encapsulated:
Inside a capsule, walled off, or set apart by a membrane
Encephalopathies:
Degenerative central nervous system diseases, which affect some species and may be transmittable
Encephalopathies:
Degenerative central nervous system diseases, which affect some species and may be transmittable
Encysted:
Enclosed or become part of a cyst
End of Lesson:
A period of time following release of pressure for an animal. This period of time allows an animal to associate what it just did with the release of pressure it just got which is called a training lesson. The handler allows a period of time - ranging from seconds to days - in which there is no more pressure on an animal to do a certain thing. This time interval between releasing pressure and pressuring again is what separates different training lessons, or steps, in the training of livestock
Endangered Community:
A biological community facing a very high risk of extinction in the near future
Endangered Species Act (ESA):
A regulatory statute intended to protect threatened and endangered species by preserving the ecosystems on which they depend
Endectocide:
An anti-parasitic drug
Endemic:
A disease which is known to exist in, or originate from, specific areas or animals
Endemic Disease:
Diseases that are known to exist in the populations of living things within a certain geographical area
Endemiology:
The study of the occurrence and distribution of disease within a population
Endocrine:
Pertaining to hormones and the glands that make them. These hormones regulate an animal's growth, physiology and sexual development
Endocrine Glands:
A ductless gland that secretes a hormone into the bloodstream
Endogenous:
Having an internal cause or origin
Endometritis:
Inflammation of the endometrium
Endometrium:
The mucous membrane lining the uterus
Endoparasite:
Parasite that lives on the inside of its host e.g. tapeworm
Endoscope:
A lighted medical instrument used to get examine organs such as the oesophagus, stomach or airways
Endosperm:
The tripliod tissue of seeds composed mostly of starch-containing cells, that arises from the fusion of a sperm nucleus with two polar nuclei of the embryo sac. In some seeds, the endosperm persists as a storage tissue and is used to nourish the germinating seedling
Endotoxic Shock:
Shock caused by body systems shutting down in reaction to bacterial poison
Endotoxin:
Toxin contained within a bacterial cell that is released upon death of a cell
Endotraceal Tube:
A breathing tube placed into the trachea. Commonly used during anaesthesia to facilitate delivery of oxygen and anaesthetic to the lungs
Energy:
Force, or power, that is used to drive a wide variety of systems. It can be used as power of mobility in animals, but most of it is used as chemical energy to drive reactions necessary to convert feed into animal products and to keep the animals warm and functioning
Energy Corrected Milk:
Expresses the amount of energy in milk based upon weight of milk, fat and protein standardised to 3.5% fat and 3.2% protein. This formula is used as a basis to determine 3.5/3.2 ECM:(0.327 X milk lbs.) + (12.95 X fat lbs.) + (7.65 X protein lbs.)
Energy Feed:
Feeds that are high in energy and low in fibre (less than 18%) and that generally contain less than 20% protein
Engorgement:
Congested; filled with fluid
Enteric:
Relating to, or occurring in the intestine
Enteritis:
Inflammation of the intestine, especially the small intestine
Enterotoxemia:
(see Clostridial)
Enterprise:
Segment of the cattle business or an associated business that is isolated by accounting procedures so that its revenue and expenses can be identified
Enterprise Budget:
Detailed list of all estimated revenue and expenses associated with a specific enterprise
Entire:
An uncastrated male animal
Entities:
Data objects, what are composed of a set of data elements (items and code sets), describe the contents and the structure of records that are transmitted according to ADIS rules
Entity Table:
Tables of data objects
Enucleated Cell:
A cell that has had its nucleus removed
Envenomation:
The act of injecting a poisonous material (venom) by sting, spine or bite
Environment:
All external (non- genetic) conditions that influence the reproduction, production, and carcass merit of cattle. When environmental influences on phenotypic merit have not properly be accounted for in genetic evaluations, they reduce the accuracy of breeding value estimation and of subsequent selection
Environment Interaction:
When the difference in performance among genetic groups depends upon the environment in which they are compared. E.g. the most profitable breed in the Great Plains is probably not the same as the most profitable breed on the Gulf Coast. Also, different breeds and crosses will be optimum for producing beef for different market specifications and requirements
Environmental Correlation:
(rExEy) - A measure of the strength of the relationship between environmental effects on one trait (Ex) and environmental effects on another trait (Ey), e.g. the environmental correlation between fat production and protein production by dairy cows is .9, indicating that many of the same environmental factors (nutrition, etc.) influence both traits
Environmental Effects:
Effects which influence the performance of an animal which are not genetic in origin
Environmental Factors:
Environmental factors include such things as proper nutrition, exercise, space requirements (density), social structure (animal hierarchies and social groups), and shelter that minimise stress
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):
Independent agency of the federal government established to protect the nation's environment from pollution
Environmental Variance:
The variance among animals due to differences in animals in their environmental effects. Depending on the trait there may be environmental variances due to various causes - permanent, temporary, etc.
Enzootic:
Relating to a disease that regularly affects animals in an area, or in a season
Enzootic Bovine Leucosis (EBL):
Enzootic Bovine Leucosis. Disease of cattle causing an increased number of white blood cells (leucocytes)
Enzyme:
Protein that catalyses chemical reactions
EPA:
(see Environmental Protection Agency)
EPD:
(see Expected Progeny Difference)
Epicondyle:
A projection from a long bone near the articular extremity above or upon the condyle
Epidemic:
The rapid spreading of a disease so that many animals or people have it concurrently
Epidemiology:
The study of patterns of disease or productivity and welfare within an animal population and the factors that can affect those patterns
Epidermis:
The outer layer of the skin
Epididymis:
The long, coiled tubule leading from the testis to the vas deferens
Epididymitis:
Inflammation of the epididymis
Epigenetics:
Changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlaying DNA sequence
Epimysium:
The outer connective tissue layer of muscle
Epinephrine:
Also, known as Adrenalin
Epiphyseal Cartilage:
The layer of cartilage which separates mature bone from immature bone; the only area in which a bone can grow in length. Note: This separation is especially important in distinguishing ovine maturity. As the foreshank ossifies, the break joints become spool joints
Epiphyseal Plate:
(see epiphyseal cartilage)
Epiphysis:
A piece of bone separated from a long bone in early life by cartilage, which later becomes part of the larger bone
Epistasis:
Interaction of two or more pairs of gene that are not allele to produce a phenotype that they do not produce when they occur separately
Epistatic Genetic Variation:
Variation in animal performance as a result of epistatic genetic effects
Epistaxis:
Technical name for bleeding from the nose
Epithelial Cell:
Cells that line surfaces, such as the mucosa
Epithelium:
The cellular covering of internal and external surfaces of the body and internal organs
Epitope:
The site on an antigen that is recognised by an antibody
Epizootic:
Applied to a disease affecting a large number of animals simultaneously throughout a large area and spreading with great speed
Epizootic Bovine Abortion:
(see Foothill Abortion)
Equal Progeny Treatment:
Giving the resulting progeny from all bulls in a test equal treatment in order to eliminate environmental differences from the differences between sire progeny averages
Equipment:
Farm machinery, implements, and livestock conveyances, excluding vehicles for personal and business transport
Equipment Sanitization:
The removal of microorganisms and fat, protein, and mineral residues in milking equipment through use of water, heat, and chemicals
Equity:
(see Net Worth)
Equity Percentage:
Farm equity capital as a percentage of total farm capital (i.e. [assets minus liabilities / assets] * 100 / 1)
ERAD:
Eradication of Animal Disease Board
Eradication:
The process of removing a particular infection from a herd
Ergosterol:
A plant sterol which, when activated by ultraviolet rays, becomes vitamin D2 , also called provitamin D2 and ergosterin
ERPA:
Estimated Relative Producing Centre
Error Codes:
Condition codes recorded based upon previous test information. The codes are as follows:
1. Bred date removed
2. Calving date missing
3. Dry date missing and was estimated
4. Milk weights missing and were estimated
5. Milk weights abnormal
6. Cow ID missing
7. Reported Sire of cow is invalid
8. Calving date is less than 200 days apart
9. New cow ID is invalid
Erosive Mucosa:
Loss of mucosal substance
ERT:
(see Economically Relevant Trait)
Eructation:
(see Eruction)
Eruction:
The elimination of gas by belching
Eruption:
(see Abscess)
Erythema:
Redness of the skin resulting from dilation of blood vessels caused by irritation or injury to the tissue
Erythrocyte:
A red blood cell
ES Cell:
Embryonic Stem cell. An undifferentiated cell within an embryo in the early stages of development which has the potential to develop into any tissue or cell type
ESCAS:
(see Exporter Supply Chain Assurance System)
Escherichia Coli:
A bacterium occurring naturally in the intestinal tract of humans and many animals. Some varieties can cause infection
Escutcheon:
The part of a cow that extends upward just above and back of the udder where the hair turns upward in contrast to the normal downward direction of hair. Also called milk mirror
Esophageal Feeder:
A milk reservoir and flexible tube used to feed young animals that can't or won't nurse in the normal manner
Esophageal Groove:
A muscular structure at the lower end of the esophagus that, when closed, forms a tube allowing milk to go directly into the abomasum. (This prevents milk from being fermented or soured by the ruminal microorganisms). Sometimes called the reticular groove
ESRI:
Economic and Social Research Institute
Essential Amino Acids:
One of the nine amino acids that cannot be synthesised by cells in the body
EST:
(see Expressed Sequence Tags)
Established Safe Levels:
The concentration of drug metabolite in tissue considered to be without hazard to consumers and below which the FDA normally will not take regulatory action
Estimated Breeding Value (EBV):
An estimated of an individual’s true breeding value for a trait based on the performance of the individual and close relatives for the trait itself and sometimes performance of genetically correlated traits. EBV is a systematic way of combining available performance information on the individual and sibs and the progeny of the individual. Expected progeny difference have replaced EBV’s in most breed association programs
Estimated Relative Producing Ability:
An estimate of a cow’s genetic and permanent environmental effects on a cow’s production expressed as a deviation from herdmates. Deviating the cow’s production record from herdmates’ production corrects for season of calving differences. Herdmates are cows of the same breed calving in the same season. All records on a cow are used, including records in progress. The difference between her production and her herdmates’ production for each lactation involved is weighted according to the number of lactations the cow has on file and the number of days in milk for the current lactation
Estrogen:
Any hormone (including estradiol, estriol, and estrone) that causes the female to express heat and to be receptive to the male. Estrogens are produced by the follicle of the ovary and by the placenta and have additional body functions
Estrous:
An adjective meaning “heat,” which modifies such words as “cycle.” The estrous cycle is the heat cycle or time from one heat to the next
Estrous Cycle:
Length of time from one heat period to the next, in cattle, 21 days
Estrous Cycle Days:
The number of days during the test period that are accumulated for eligible cows. For cows with no service date or cows diagnosed open, eligible days are calculated as the number of days past the VWP in the test period. For cows bred but not yet diagnosed pregnant or open, eligible days in the test period are calculated as Eligible days = days in test period through the last service + [days in test period after the last service X (1 - (yearly % successful / 100))]. For pregnant cows, eligible days are the days in the test period up to the successful breeding date. Pregnant cows only contribute eligible days in cases of unusually long test intervals
Estrus:
The recurrent, restricted period of sexual receptivity (heat) in female mammals, marked by intense sexual urges
Estrus Synchronization:
Causing a group of cows or heifers to exhibit estrus together at one time by artificial manipulation of the estrous cycle
ET:
(see Embryo Transfer)
ETA:
Estimated Transmitting Ability
Ethical:
Means "morally correct" and comes from the branch of philosophy known as ethics which is concerned with the questions of right and wrong behaviour, the goodness or badness of human character and conduct, justice and virtue. Ethical treatment of animals, then, is what is considered by an ethical person to be right, good, just, and virtuous. Unethical treatment of animals would be considered by an ethical person to be wrong, bad, unjust, and nonvirtuous
Ether Extract (EE):
Fatty substances or lipids of foods and feeds that are soluble in ether.
European breeds Those native to Great Britain or continental Europe such as Charolais, Simmental, Limousin, Jersey, Holstein, and Guernsey
Ethology:
Study of animal behaviour
EU:
(see European Union)
E-U-R-O-P:
EU carcass conformation system
European Breed:
Breed originating in European countries other than England (these are called British breeds); a larger dual-purpose breed such as Charolais, Simmental, and Limousin; also called continental or exotic breed in the United States
European Hormone Ban:
A ban instituted in 1989 by the European Community (now called the EU) on imported meat and meat products treated with hormones. While the EU continues to argue the ban is based on health risk, there is no scientific evidence to support their claims. The United States views the ban as an artificial trade barrier erected by the EU to keep imported meat from competing with EU member countries who had created huge surpluses of domestic
meat when the ban was initiated
European Union:
Group of fifteen countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and The Netherlands) whose major objective is to coordinate the development of economic activities. Previously called The European Economic community, European community, and Common Market
Euthanize:
To humanely end an animal’s life
Evaporated Milk:
The liquid food obtained by partial removal of water from milk. The MF and TMS contents are not less than 7.5 and 25.5 percent, respectively. It contains 25 IU vitamin D per ounce and is homogenised. The food is sealed in a container and is so processed by heat, either before or after sealing, as to prevent spoilage
Eviscerate:
To remove the internal organs from a carcass
Exanthematous:
Relating to a skin eruption occurring as a symptom of an acute viral or coccal disease
Excoriation:
Superficial skin abrasions
Excreta:
Waste expelled from the body - faeces plus urine
Exocrine:
Secreting outwardly, into, or through a duct
Exogenous:
Having an external cause or origin
Exon:
Those regions of a gene in which the nucleotide sequence actually codes for a biological relevant product
Exotic Breed:
(see European Breed)
Expected Milk:
Expected Milk is a predicted milk weight for the current test day based on previous milk production, stage of lactation and lactation curve tables. The predicted milk weight can be compared with actual milk weight on test day to assess milk production
Expected Progeny Difference (EPD):
The difference in expected performance of future progeny of an individual, compared with expected performance of future progeny of an individual of average genetic merit in the base time frame for the genetic evaluation. EPD’s are estimated from phenotypic merit of an individual and all of its relatives and are estimated of one – half the breeding values. EPD’s are generally reported in units of measurement for the trait
Expiry Date:
Settlement Date (in respect to the futures market)
Export Certificate Set:
The original export certificate form plus the appropriate number of copies
Export Market:
A market that a country directs product to
Exporter:
An accredited export abattoir or boning room which slaughters and / or prepares stock for export markets
Exporter Supply Chain Assurance System (ESCAS):
A framework put in place by the Australian government that places responsibility on exporters to guarantee measurable animal welfare outcomes throughout the entire supply chain in overseas marketplaces, though to point of slaughter. Exporters seeking a permit must show that their supply chain meets the World Organisation for Animal Health guidelines for animal welfare, enables animals to be traced, has adequate reporting and is independently audited
Expressed Sequence Tags (EST):
A short strand of DNA is a part of a cDNA molecule and can act as identifier of a gene. Used in locating and mapping genes
Exsanguination:
(colloquially known as bleeding out) The fatal process of hypovolemia or commonly known as bleeding to death
Extended 305 Day:
Extended 305 Day same as Projected 305-2X-ME Lactation
Extension:
Straightening of the limbs and vertebral column
Extension Officer:
Government officials who are trained in agriculture and whose services are available to farmers free of charge
Extensor:
A muscle that extends or straightens a limb, the antagonist of flexor
External Parasites:
Horn flies, face flies, stable flies, ticks, lice and mites are the major external parasites in beef cattle
External Verification:
The process of verification by a recognised verifier
Externality:
An effect of production or consumption that is not taken into account by the producer or consumer because it is not reflected in the prices they pay but which influences the well – being or cost of other producers or consumers
Extra Label Usage:
Administering a drug or other substance in a manner not specified on the label. Can be performed or authorised only by a licensed veterinarian
Extroversion:
The process of exposure of tissues inside the streak canal of cows' teats. It is usually caused by prolonged milking and excessive milking vacuum or inadequate pulsation
Extruder:
A mechanical device that pushes product through a tube
EYCI:
(see Eastern Young Cattle Indicator)
Eye Colour:
The colour of the iris, the circle of colour that surrounds the pupil of an animal’s eye
Eye Muscle Area:
(see Rib Eye Area)