F
F1:
Offspring resulting from the mating of a pure bred (straight-bred) bull to purebred females of another breed
F2:
The offspring of mating F1 individuals among themselves
FA Test:
Fluorescent Antibody Test
Fabricated Cuts:
Bone-in or boneless cuts made from primal and sub-primal cuts
Fabrication:
Breaking the carcass into primal, subprimal, or retail cuts. These cuts may be boned and trimmed of excess fat
Face Fly:
Most difficult pest to control, only on cattle for a short period of time, and contributes to the transmission of pink eye
Facilities:
Includes water supply, steam supply, refrigeration, heating, ventilation, lighting, air conditioning, effluent disposal, waste disposal and sanitary arrangements for personnel
Facilities Design:
Refers to the design of physical livestock handling systems (e.g., corrals, crowd pens, chutes), portable and fixed, that takes into account animal behaviour principles and maximizes efficiency and wilful animal compliance while minimizing stress
Factory Farm:
A term used to refer to larger-scale farms
FAD:
Foreign Animal Disease
Faeces:
Bodily waste matter derived from ingested food that is discharged through the anus; also called stool
FAIR:
Farm Animal Identification and Records
Fair Deal Marketing Strategy:
The targeting of market segments that are mainly concerned with good value purchases, given adequate product quality in general terms. It is also called ‘cost leadership’. The emphasis in the business and value chain has to be on driving costs down while keeping quality acceptable but not premium
Fallen Stock:
Dead animals that are collected for processing for fertilizer
False Heat:
The display of estrus by a female animal when she is pregnant
False Negative:
A result that appears negative when it should not
Family:
Tracing ancestry; line of breeding
Family Farm:
Proprietorships, partnerships or family operations that do not have hired managers
Farm Assurance Scheme:
A set of standards to which producers of meat, milk or eggs must comply. The standards generally include both food safety and animal welfare factors and have been developed by marketing bodies such as supermarkets. FAS may vary in the stringency of their demand and the rigour of their enforcement
Farm Benefit – Cost Analysis:
The budgeting process of evaluating the benefits and the costs and the net benefits of an investment to change a farm system
Farm Business Profit:
Defined as the sum of farm cash income and build – up in trading stocks, minus the sum of depreciation plus the imputed value of the labour provided by the operator or manager, partners or family
Farm Dairy:
A place where milking animals are milked on a permanent or temporary basis; and
(a) subject to paragraph
(b), includes (i) any stockyard, milking yard, feedyard, silo pad, or other construction associated with or involved in the activity of extracting milk from milking animals; and (ii) any place where milk from the milking animals is first collected, filtered, deposited, cooled, stored, or treated for transport or for further processing; but (b) does not include any place where any further processing takes place, or transport to that place
Farm Dairy Operation:
The person in charge of operations at a farm dairy, including the extraction of milk from milking animals
Farm Service Agency:
Agency within the USDA that implements agricultural policy, administers credit and loan programs, and manages conservation, commodity, disaster and farm marketing programs
Farmers Joint:
The rough joint found in the front leg of an animal from which the front hoof can be removed
Farmyard:
The operation's home farm, ranch or land parcel. May differ from the term "premises,'' used in the context of traceability, and having a narrower definition
FAS:
(see Farm Assurance Scheme)
Fascia:
The sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that forms an envelope for muscles or organs
Fast Variable:
Variables that respond sensitively to daily, seasonal and inter-annual variations in exogenous and endogenous conditions
Fasting Blood Sugar:
Blood test to evaluate the amount of sugar in the blood following a time period of fasting
Fastiny:
Starvation due to lack of feed intake
Fat:
A slang term previously used to describe animals suitable for slaughter. The term has been removed from terminology due to the perception by consumers as unhealthy
Fat Cap:
Fat on the surface of sausages or canned meat products
Fat Cattle:
Cattle, males or females ready for slaughter
Fat Differential:
The amount added to or subtracted from the blend price for each 0.1 percent that the milk fat is above or below 3.5 percent. For example, if the blend price is $9.00/cwt and the fat differential is 10›, a dairyman with milk of 4.0 percent milk fat would receive $9.50/cwt
Fat Percent:
The percent of fat in the milk, calculated by fat lbs./ milk lbs. X 100
Fat Score:
The measure of fat cover across the animal's rib and rump. Ranging from 1 (very lean) to 6 (very fat)
Fat Stock:
Livestock fattened for sale in a market
Fat Thickness:
Depth of fat in tenths of inches over the rib eye muscle at the 12th rib. It consists of a single measurement at a point three-fourths of the lateral length of the rib eye muscle from the split chine bone
Fat-corrected Milk:
The estimated quantity of milk calculated on an equivalent energy basis. It is a means of evaluating milk production records of different dairy animals and breeds on a common energy basis
Fats:
Nutrients with twice the food energy as carbohydrates
Fattening:
Rearing of livestock for meat production
Fatty Acids
Fatty acids that either cannot be synthesized or are synthesized in inadequate amounts by animals for growth, maintenance, and proper functioning of physiological processes
Faults:
Imperfections for a particular breed or variety of animal
Favour:
To limp slightly
FCE:
Feed Conversion Efficiency
FCM:
Fat Corrected Milk
FCS:
Foetal Calf Serum
FDA:
The Food and Drug Administration is part of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Human Services. It is charged with the responsibility of safeguarding American consumers against injury, unsanitary food and fraud
Feather Bones:
A common name for the split dorsal processes of the thoracic vertebrae - they resemble feathers
Feathering:
Fat deposits that lie beneath the pleura and between the intercostal muscle bundles
Febrile:
An animal with a fever
Fecal Egg Count:
The number of worm eggs in a gram of faeces
Feces:
Bodily wastes; excretion product from the intestinal tract
Fecundity:
Prolific fertility. The capacity to produce a number of offspring
Fed Cattle:
Steers and heifers that have been fed concentrates, usually for 90-120 days in a feedlot
Fee Schedule:
A list of established charges or allowances for specified schedule medical procedures
Feed Additives:
Substances that are added to animal’s ration which do not supply nutrients to the animal. Feed additives are given to improve growth rate and / or feed efficiency
Feed Adulterants:
Toxic organisms, filth, pesticide residues, radioactive fallout, any poisonous or deleterious substance, or any substance added to increase bulk or weight in a food product
Feed Alley:
The road used by the feed trucks to deliver feed to the pen
Feed Bunk:
Trough or container used to feed cattle
Feed Call:
The amount of ration that is fed to a particular pen
Feed Cattle:
Steers and heifers that have been fed concentrates, usually for 90-120 days in a feedlot
Feed Conversion (feed efficiency):
Units of feed consumed per unit of weight gained or (less commonly in the United States) production of meat or milk per unit of feed consumed
Feed Conversion Rate:
Weight of feed required per unit of weight gain, often expressed as kg of dry feed per kg of live weight gain
Feed Cost of Gain:
Total feed costs divided by total pounds of gain
Feed Cost per cwt. Milk:
The value of all feeds fed to produce 100 pounds (cwt) of milk
Feed Demand Calculator:
A tool developed by the MLA to help livestock producers gain an appreciation of the pattern of feed supply and demand over a 12-month period, the location of feed gaps and the ways in which modifying the livestock enterprises might help to close those gaps
Feed Efficiency:
(see Feed Conversion)
Feed Grain:
A grain commonly used to feed livestock. E.g. Barley, corn, oats, rye, or sorghum
Feed Intake:
The amount of feed consumed by an animal
Feed Lane:
(see Feed Alley)
Feed Markup:
The amount that the feed charges are marked up by the feedlot. Charges vary with each lot. Feed markup charges are usually inversely related to the yardage charges. Charges for feed markup plus yardage are usually similar. Feed markup can be charged as a percentage of the feed bill or as a flat fee per ton of feed
Feed Program:
A combination of different feeds reported for a group of cows
Feed Them Hard:
This indicates they will be put on a hot ration and every effort will be made to maximize their intake during the feeding period
Feeder:
Animals that need further feeding prior to slaughter
Feeder Association:
A cooperative association formed to acquire livestock for growing or finishing
Feeder Calf:
A young calf that is reared for meat production
Feeder Calf Scale:
A USDA standardized table for scoring the animal (calf’s) frame (height) and body composition (muscling) in relationship to its age
Feeder Cattle:
Cattle being grown or raised in preparation for the feedlot. Cattle in this stage or growth are called "stocker" or "backgrounder" cattle. Feeder cattle include both calves and yearlings
Feeder Grades:
Visual classifications of feeder animals. Most of these grades have been established by the USDA
Feeder Steer:
A steer purchased by a lot feeder to be placed in a feedlot. Cattle specifications (entry weight, muscle and fat score, breed, age etc) are dependent on the market the animal is destined for
Feedlot:
Enterprise in which cattle are fed grain and other concentrates for usually 90-120 days. Feedlots range in size from less than 100-head capacity to many thousands
Feedlot Merit (FM):
Extra dollars based on pounds gained from Weaning Weight to Yearling Weight
Feedlotting:
The process of intensively fattening or feeding cattle using carefully managed rations. Cattle are typically housed in a confined area
Feedstuffs:
What cattle eat. This may be forage or feed
Feedyard:
Cattle-feeding facility
Female Breeding Index:
The number of matings per conception or per gestation or per calving
Female Cattle:
Classified as weaner heifers, maiden heifers or heifers, first lactation cows, mature cows and aged cows
Female Reproductive Performance:
Refers to a female’s capacity to produce developing embryos and also to her capacity to give birth to a live calf and to ensure a proper postnatal maternal environment for normal calf growth
Feminity:
Well-developed secondary female sex characteristics, udder development, and refinement in head and neck
Femoral:
of, arising from, or pertaining to the femur
Femur:
Common name for the thigh bone. The proximal end of the femur is attached to the pelvis and the distal end joins with the patella to form the stifle joint
Fermentation:
A ruminal function that involves bacteria breaking down cellulose and other components of cattle diets/rations to aid the animal’s digestion and absorption of its feedstuffs
Fermentation Chamber:
A process in which an agent breaks down an organic substance
Fertilisation:
The union of the male and female gametes to form a new, genetically unique individual. In cattle, sperm and egg cells with 30 chromosomes each combine to form a zygote with the 60 chromosomes normal to one species
Fertility:
The capacity to initiate, sustain, and support reproduction
Fertility Test:
Analysis of semen for live sperm count; test a bull's ability to produce offspring
Fescue Toxicity:
Syndrome caused by ingestion of endophyte-infected tall fescue plants, eliciting a toxic response in the animal
Fetlock Joint:
The movement of the fetlock joint allows flexion and extension. The cow has a pair of fetlock joints involving the metacarpal bone, the two proximal phalanges and two pairs of sesamoid bones. These sesamoids articulate with the proximal palmar edge of the proximal phalanges. Cattle have a joint capsule for the articulation of each digit with the palmar parts communicating
Fetus:
The unborn young of animals (usually vertebrates) which give birth to living offspring
Fibre:
The cellulose portion of roughages (forages) that is low in TDN and hard to digest by monogastric animals
Fibrosis:
Of a condition marked by the presence of interstitial fibrous tissue, especially in the mammary gland resulting from mastitis
Fibrotic:
(see Fibrosis)
Fibula:
The long thin bone that lies along the lateral surface of the tibia
Field Shelter:
A basic shelter with a roof and usually three sides
Field Test Chart:
A document showing that a Brucellosis test was performed at a farmers pasture
Filamentous:
Of fine threadlike structure
Filet Mignon:
A beef tenderloin steak
Fill:
A term designating the fullness of the digestive tract of an animal. Also used to identify a phase of packaging milk and/or milk products in which containers are filled with product
Fillets:
Boneless portions of meat
Final Finisher:
(see Finisher)
Finance Budget:
A budget showing the flows of cash in and out, in nominal dollars. It identifies borrowings that are needed and interest and principal repayments
Financial Year:
A period of 12 months beginning on 1 July and ending on 30 June or 1 March and ending 28 February
Financing:
Acquiring control of assets by borrowing money
Finching:
Coloured stripe along the centre of the back
Fine Needle Aspirate:
A diagnostic procedure sometimes used to investigate superficial (just under the skin) lumps or masses. In this technique, a thin, hollow needle is inserted into the mass to extract cells that, after being stained, will be examined under a microscope
Finger Bones:
A common name for the split dorsal processes of the lumbar vertebrae - they look like fingers
Finger Meat:
The intercostal meat, commonly called rib fingers, or finger trimmings
Finger Trimmings:
(1) The strips of meat (intercostal muscle) between the ribs;
(2) finger meat
Fingerprint (DNA):
Pattern of DNA fragments unique to an individual. Often produced by using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments at specific sequences of nucleotides. Using electrophoresis, these fragments can be sorted and then visualized, forming a unique “fingerprint” for each different animal
Finish:
The degree of fatness / muscling. Describes the animal’s condition
Finished Cattle:
Fed cattle whose time in the feedlot is completed and are now ready for slaughter
Finished Product:
Dairy material or product which has been packed, in the manner intended for sale, and is awaiting the decision concerning conformance with regulatory requirements
Finished Stock:
(see Fat Stock)
Finisher:
The final diet cattle will be on during the feeding period. Usually contains 5 to 10 percent roughage, but it may be an all-concentrate (no roughage) diet, depending on the feedlot
Finishing:
The act of feeding an animal to produce a desirable carcass for market
Finishing Farm:
The farm or facility where an animal completes its growing and finishing phase before slaughter
Finishing Ration:
Feedlot ration, usually high in energy, that is fed during the latter part of the feeding period
First Breeding:
The first service of an animal after the calving. When reporting body condition scores this time frame is generally 60-89 days
First Calf:
A term commonly used to indicate the first calf born to bovine females
First Calf Heifer:
A young cow that has calved for the first time
First Cut:
The choice pick of the group
First Lactation Cows:
Females from their first calving to weaning of that calf
First Service:
The first breeding of an animal
Fiscal Year End Date:
A date that is used to determine the end of a producers fiscal year. This is usually used for tax purposes and generally is December 31, but can be any date
Fistula:
Opening connecting the outside of an animal with the stomach, rumen, intestine, rectum, etc. The plastic or rubber pipe and cap which is placed in the fistula is called the cannula. It is used to collect ingesta
Fistulated Cow:
A fistulated cow is a cow with a fistula (or passageway) connecting the cow's stomach with the outside. A fistulated cow has an opening cut into her stomach
Fistulation:
The formation of a tract
FITC:
Fluorescein iso-thiocyanate, a compound conjugated with antibody used in FA tests
Fitness:
The ability of an individual (and its corresponding genotype and phenotype) to contribute offspring to the next generation. Refers to the ability to survive (or to be selected as a parent) as well as the number of offspring
Fitted:
Animal fed, trained and groomed for sale or show
Fitting:
Proper feeding, grooming, and handling of an animal, usually to prepare it for the show ring
Fixation:
The point at which the frequency of a particular allele becomes 1
Fixed and Random Effects:
When a sample exhausts the population, the corresponding variable is fixed; when the sample is a small (i.e., negligible) part of the population the corresponding variable is random
Fixed Cost:
Costs incurred whether or not production occurs (e.g., interest, taxes)
Flake:
One segment of a bale of hay
Flaker:
A mill that steam flakes grain
Flank:
The side of an animal’s body, between the rib and the hips
Flanking:
Putting a calf on the ground by lifting it on the flank
Flap:
A common name for the obliquus abdominis internus
Flat:
A common name for the biceps femoris in the outside round and the deep pectoral in the brisket
Flatbarn:
An area for milking cattle where the person milking is on the same level as the cow. May be used with a pipeline or bucket milking system. Generally the same area is used for cow housing
Flat-head Clippers:
Clippers used to shear the head and belly of an animal (closer clipping)
Flatiron:
A common name for an infraspinatus muscle which a cow uses to rotate an arm outward
Flatulance:
Generating excessive gas in the gastrointestinal tract
Flehmen:
A pattern of behaviour expressed in some male animals (e.g., bull, ram, stallion) during sexual activity. The upper lip curls up and the animal inhales in the vicinity of the vulva or urine
Fleshy:
Cattle that is fleshy or overly conditioned from a backgrounding or growing operation
Flexion:
Bending of the limbs at the joints, and bending of the vertebral column
Flexor Tendons:
The major tendon at the back of the lower leg
Flight Zone:
Is the point at which a grazing animal “no longer can tolerate the approach of a person or other animals and moves away”. The flight zone, is dynamic and its size and shape depends on several factors, including: the animal’s species, breed, age, sex, genetics, disposition and temperament; past handling and experiences; the handler’s size and demeanour, approach angle and speed, eye contact, and whether on foot or mounted; proximity of conspecifics; time of day, season, and weather; obstacles and terrain; and the psychological and physical state of the animal
Flink
The word flink is (supposed to be) used for twelve or more cattle in a group. It appears to be a term local to parts of North America, mainly central USA and even there does not seem to be in common use
Float:
To file an animal’s teeth to remove sharp edges
Florfenicol:
A unique injectable antibiotic of the fenicol class. It is both bacteriostatic (inhibits bacterial growth) and bactericidal (kills bacteria)
Flunixin Meglumine:
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It does not incur the immunosuppressive effects of steroidal drugs
Fluorescein Dye:
A harmless dye put into the eye to help locate scratches
Fluoroquinolone:
Family of systematic antibacterial agent used in treating respiratory and urinary tract infections
Flush:
The collection of embryos from donor cows
Flush System:
A manure removal system in which an area is cleaned by high volumes of fresh water, or gray water that is recycled from a manure pit or lagoon
Fly Shaker:
A common name for the cutaneous trunci muscle which a cow frequently uses to twitch skin around its abdominal region (to shake flies away)
Fly Tags:
Insecticide ear tags that reduce flies on the animal
Flying Herd:
A herd where replacement stock is frequently bought in from outside
FM:
(see Feedlot Merit)
FMD:
(see Foot and Mouth Disease)
FMI:
(see Food Marketing Institute)
Foam:
A gas dispersed in a liquid where the gas bubbles are the discrete phase. There are many food foams including whipped creams, ice cream. A foam is likewise unstable and needs a stabilizing agent to form the gas bubble membrane
FOB:
Free on board; buyer pays freight after loading
Fodder:
Coarse food for cattle or horses, such as corn stalks or straw
Fodder Beet:
A type of sugar beet grown for feeding to cattle
Foetal Dung:
The dung accumulated in the stomach of an unborn calf
Foetal Membrane:
The membrane (bag) covering the calf
Foetus
(see Fetus)
Foggage:
Grass grown for winter grazing
Folate:
Folic acid, one of the B vitamins that is a key factor in the synthesis (the making) of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA).
A deficiency of folic acid after birth causes a kind of anaemia, namely, megaloblastic anaemia in which there is a paucity of red blood cells and those that are made are unusually large and immature (so-called blast cells)
Follicle:
Fluid-filled sac within the ovary containing a growing oocyte. Many thousands of follicles are present in each ovary
Follicle Aspiration:
Method of collecting oocytes from follicles using a fine needle with suction
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH):
Hormone produced and released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the development of the follicle in the ovary
Fomites:
All objects brought into sufficiently close contact with a sick animal to retain some of the infectious material and thus spread disease
Food and Drug Administration (FDA):
The government agency responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation's food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation
Food Marketing Institute (FMI):
National association of food retailers and wholesalers located in Washington, DC, that conducts programs of research, education, and public affairs for its members
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS):
The public health agency in the U.S. Department of Agriculture responsible for ensuring that the nation's commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe, wholesome, and correctly labelled and packaged
Foot and Mouth (FMD):
Highly contagious disease among cattle, sheep, goats, deer and other cloven-hooved ruminant animals. It does not affect humans or food safety
Foot Bath:
A long shallow tub or depression in the concrete where cows walk through a mild solution (usually including copper sulphate or formalin) to promote foot health. Usually located along an alley where cows return from the milking parlour
Foot Rot:
A disease of the foot in sheep and cattle
Foothill Abortion:
Disease spread by ticks
Forage:
Cow feed that is high in fibre and low in digestible nutrients. Examples include whole plants of corn, small grains (such as oats, barley, or wheat), legumes and grasses
Forage Production:
The total amount of dry matter produced per unit of area on an annual basis (e.g., lb/acre/year)
Foramen Magnum:
The skull cavity through which the spinal cord passes
Forb:
Weedy or broad-leaf plants (unlike grasses) that serve as pasture for animals (e.g., clover, alfalfa)
Force-fed:
Food delivered by tube or some mechanical device directly into the stomach
Forceps:
A surgical instrument that resembles tongs and can be used for grabbing or removing things from the body
Fore Udder Attachment:
The angle between the fore udder and the body wall has been chosen as a measure for fore udder attachment. The smoother the fore udder blends into the body wall, the higher the score for fore udder attachment
Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostician (FADD):
A veterinarian who has taken the APHIS foreign animal disease training course at Plum Island and who receives continuing education in FADs and animal health emergency management
Foreign Animal Disease Investigation:
On-site assessment conducted by a foreign animal disease diagnostician, as part of the national surveillance program for exotic or emerging animals diseases
Foreign Body:
Any abnormal substance within the body. Commonly used to describe foreign material under the skin (eg splinters, glass) or in the gastrointestinal tract
Foreign Matter:
Any extraneous thing --
(i) that is injurious to health or harmful;
(ii) that is offensive; or
(iii) the presence of which would be unexpected or unreasonable in food of that description prepared or packed for sale in accordance with good trade practice
Foremilk:
The first streaks of milk to exit from the udder
Forequarters:
The two front quarters of a cow. Also called Fore Udder
Foresaddle:
The unsplit front or anterior portion of ovine, veal and calf carcasses
Foreshank:
The distal portion of the front leg, including the radius, ulna, and the distal end of the humerus with their covering muscle and connective tissues. It corresponds to the human forearm
Forestripping:
Expressing streams of milk from the teat prior to machine milking to determine visual quality and to stimulate "milk letdown”
Formula-Fed Veal:
Young bovine which exhibits lighter coloured meat than normal for its maturity as a result of being maintained on a special feed. They are sometimes called Special-Fed Veal
Forward Contract:
Cattle are pre-sold for a determined price and are delivered to the buyer. The animals are paid for at a future date when they reach a specific weight. Contracts oblige all parties to act according to legal standards. It is important that producers understand all the terms and conditions of the contract being signed
Fossa:
A depression usually longitudinal in shape below the level of the surface of a part
Foundation:
Base, original parent
Founder:
Nutritional ailment resulting from overeating. Lameness in front feet, with excessive hoof growth, usually occurs
Founder Animal:
The earliest known ancestor of an animal
Fracture:
Breaking of hard tissue such as bone. May be caused by trauma or bone disease
Frame Score:
A score based on subjective evaluation or actual measurement of hip height. This score is related to slaughter weights at which cattle should grade choice or at which different groups of cattle should have comparable amounts of fat
Frame Size:
A measure of skeletal size. It can be visual or by measurement (usually taken at the hip)
Fraternal Twin:
Two individuals developing from the fertilization of two separate eggs, each by a different sperm cell, carried during the same pregnancy. May be both males or females, or one male and one female
Free Area:
Area not included in any Control Area
Free Choice
Allowing the animal to consume as much feed as they want at any time
Free Premises:
Premises outside of a Control Area and not a Contact or Suspect Premises
Freemartin:
Female born twin to a bull calf (approximately 9 out of 10 will be infertile)
Freestall Barn:
A type of facility to house dairy cows that provides the animals with a clean, dry, comfortable resting area and easy access to food and water. The cows are not restrained and are free to enter, lie down, rise and leave the barn whenever they desire
Freeze Branding:
A method of identification with a cold iron to aid in easily identifying dairy cattle
Freeze Drying:
The evaporation of water from a frozen product with the aid of high vacuum. Also called lyophilization
Freezing Point Depression:
A colligative property associated with the number of dissolved molecules. The lower the molecular weight, the greater the ability of a molecule to depress the freezing point for any given concentration. For example, in ice cream manufacturing, monosaccharides such as fructose or glucose produce a much softer ice cream than disaccharides such as sucrose, if the concentration of both is the same
Fresh Cow:
A cow that has recently given birth to a calf
Fresh Date:
The date that an animal gave birth to a calf; also known as “calving date.”
Fresh Milk:
Dairy products having original qualities unimpaired and those recently produced or processed
Freshen:
To give birth and begin lactating
Freshening:
When a dairy cow gives birth
Friable:
Easily fractured
Front:
(1) The face, first, or most anterior part;
(2) beef forequarters;
(3) unsplit veal or calf foresaddles;
(4) the opposite of hind
Frontal Plane:
Divides the body into dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) portions along the long axis of the body
Froth:
A mass of small bubbles
Frozen Embryo:
Dehydrated embryos stored in liquid nitrogen
Fructose:
A 6-carbon sugar
FSA:
(see Farm Service Agency)
FSH:
Follicle Stimulating Hormone used to promote super ovulation
FT:
(see Fat Thickness)
Full Eared:
(see Long Eared)
Full Mouth:
Has all teeth
Full Sib:
Animals having the same sire and dam
Functional Longevity:
Longevity corrected for performance. Culling for low productivity is disregarded since performance is used as a different selection criterion. Only culling for health problems or other non-production causes is taken into account
Fungi:
Eucaryotic, chemoheterothropic microorganisms with cell walls containing chitin, cellulose or both. They may be unicelluar or multicellular. Often the terms yeast and mould are used to describe the morphological appearance of them
Furious Rabies:
Form of Rabies that causes aggressive behaviour in animals
Fusion Protein:
Responsible for virus entry into the host cell
Fusobacterium Necrophorum:
Aerotolerant anaerobe, normal inhabitant of the rumen
Futures Contract:
An agreement between two people, one who sells and agrees to deliver and on who buys and agrees to receive a certain kind, quality, and quantity of product to be delivered during a specified delivery month at a specific price
Futures Market:
Electronic market through which buyers and sellers trade contracts on commodities or raw materials. Futures contracts are available for a variety of delivery months. However, delivery of actual products seldom occurs. Futures markets are used as a risk management tool or as a speculative venture
Futurity:
Show class or classes in which owners nominate their animals before the competition and usually includes higher fees. The proceeds are pooled and given to the top placing animal